第二十三讲
Para. 2
Sometimes people attach a thank-you note to a gift. The gift may be big or small. It is the words on the card that really count! They help to convey the writers’ message, gratitude and love to the receiver. Sometimes, cartoons are drawn on the card to make it more vivid and personal.
Important Words
1) attach v. fasten or join one thing to another带着，附上，系上
e.g. Please attach labels to your luggage.请在您的行李上贴上标签。
2) gratitude n. thankfulness, being grateful感激，谢意
e.g. I find it hard to express gratitude in a foreign language.
我发现很难用一门外语来表达感激之情。
3) vivid a. lively and clear 栩栩如生的，生动的
e.g. She has a vivid memory of her holiday in Greece. 她对在希腊度过的假期有着清晰的记忆。
Para. 3
I like the custom because those thank-you notes are always heart-warming.
Important Words
1）custom n. generally accepted behavior among members of a social group
习俗,习惯
e.g. It’s our custom to stand up when the national anthem is played.
当国歌奏响时我们的习惯是全体起立。
2) heart-warming
Heart-warming here is a compound adjective, made up of a noun and a verb’s present participle. It could also be a gerund form. The relationship between the two parts is that of verb-object (warm the heart). Similar structures are: thanks-giving, peace-loving, stamp-collecting, English-speaking, job-hunting, mountain-climbing.
Translation: 我喜欢这一习俗, 因为那些感谢信总那样的温暖人心。
Example: I enjoy my job in the lab, which consists mainly of data-collecting and data-analyzing.
It 的用法
1、人称代词
1）it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指刚提到的事物，以避免重复:
They watched the train until it disappeared in the distance.
2）也可以指动物或婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子):
Is this your dog？No, it isn’t.
They got a baby and it was a ten-pounder
3）也可指抽象事物或指抽象环境和情景:
I hate it when people talk with a full mouth.．
It 的用法
2、非人称代词
1）it有时并不指具体的东西而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等：
（1）指天气：It is a lovely day, isn’t it?
（2）指时间：It was nearly midnight when she came back.
（3）指日期：It is April First today.
（4）指距离：It is some 3000 kilometers from Beijing to Guangzhou.
（5）指价值：It is three dollars.
（6）指温度：Today it is 30 degrees centigrade.
3、其他用法
1）在句子的主语不太明确时充当主语，表示谁在做某事：
Who is it there? It's I (me/you/he.....).
I thought it was Mary, but it was not she.
Her face lighted when she saw who it was.
2）泛泛的指某件事： (有时泛指一般情况)
It doesn’t matter.
It is a shame, isn’t it?
How is it going? (情况怎样)
It says in the newspaper that......
3）it用在一些词组中，it 没有特别的意思
The last train's gone. Come on, we'll foot it. (来，咱们步行吧。)
4、作形式主语，替代主语从句，动词不定式，或动名词短语：
1）作形式主语替代主语从句
（1）It is clear ( obvious， true， possible， certain....) that 从句常译为＂┅清楚
的（显然的，真的，可能的,肯定的．．．）＂
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.
= That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.
（2）It is important ( necessary， right， strange， natural...) that 从句常译为┅是重
要的(必要的,对的,奇怪的,自然的┅).that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去，建议记住该句型中的形容词。
It is important that we (should) learn English well.
It is necessary that he (should) remember these words.
（3）It is said (reported/ learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped.....) that 从句 常译为“据说（据报道，据悉…）”。
It is said that he has come to Beijing.
It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.
（4）It is suggested ( advised/ ordered / demanded/ insisted/ commanded... ) that 从句that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省；常译为＂据建议；有命令．．．）
It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off.
It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours.
（5）It is time ( about time ，high time ) that从句(虚拟语气:动词用过去时did)
It is time that children went to bed.
It is time you bought a new car.
It is (high) time you made up your mind.
（6）It is the first (second...) time that从句 (从句用现在完成时 have done )
It was the first (second...) time that从句 (从句用过去完成时had done )
常译为＂是第一（二）．．．次．．．＂。
It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here
（7）It is a pity ( a shame /an honour/a good thing/a fact,/a surprise/... ) that从句that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去，表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。 没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。
It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.
这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！
It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！
（8）It happens (seems，looks，appears) that从句.常译为 “ 碰巧…似乎是…,看起来…”
It happened (so happened) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧…
It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来…
2）作形式主语替代不定式
（1）It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 不定式的逻辑主语是由of引起，主句中的形容词必须
是能表示逻辑主语特征的褒义或贬义形容词。 常见的词有：
bad，brave，careless，clever，cruel，foolish，good（好心的），honest，horrible，kind，
lazy，modest， naughty，nice（有教养的），polite，rude，silly，stupid，wise，wrong（错误的）等。
这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth.。
如：It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so.
（2）It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 不定式的逻辑主语是由for引起，主句中的形容
词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的中性形容词。 常见的形容词有：
important，necessary，natural easy，safe，common，normal，hard，difficult，dangerous，
unusual，rare， impossible，pleasant
如：It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should)
come to the party.
（3）It takes sb. ... to do sth. 常译为“做…要花费某人…”。
如：It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.
3）作形式主语替代动名词短语
It is no good / no use / useless doing sth. 常译为 “┅有好处或没有用”
It is no good learning English without speaking English.
It's useless trying to argue with Shylock.
作形式宾语，代替不定式，动名词短语或宾语从句。
We think it important to learn a foreign language.
该句型中的it 作形式宾语，该结构中常用的动词有：think, believe, make ,find consider,
feel； 如:
We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.
He felt it important learning English well.
They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.
The Internet makes it easier for companies to keep in touch with customers.
6、it的重要句型
1）强调句型:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that 从句 (被强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用)
It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
It was they that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday.
It was in the street that I met her father.
It was yesterday that I met her in the street.
It is you that /who are wrong.
特例：It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，
译成汉语“直到…才…”，可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
= Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.
= I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
Exercises See the textbook.