第十九讲

   Para.2
   Japan is a gift giving country. It is not unusual in Japan to offer a gift to a person who is leaving or has been helpful. When people do that, the gifts tend to be substantial and expensive. However, at least in the typical Japanese style, it is not required to attach a thank-you note or card to the gift. Japanese people may express their gratitude and friendship directly through the gift they have carefully chosen and given to the very person they love and respect.
   Language Points:
   Explanation of Difficult Sentences
   1) However, at least in the typical Japanese style…
   Analysis: however is used to denote contrast to what is said before. It is a formal subject of the main sentence, and the actual subject is the infinitive phrase to attach a thank-you note or card to the gift.
   Translation: 然而，至少按典型的日本风格，礼品一般不需要附上谢条或卡片。
   Example: Northern China is cold in winter. However, at least in the coastal city of
Dalianis is not necessary to wear a heavy overcoat outside in winter.
   冬天中国的北方是寒冷的，然而，至少在诸如大连这样的海滨城市无需穿上厚重的冬衣。
   2) It is required to…
   Analysis: 句中it是形式主语，动词不定式为真正的主语。英语中为了保持句平衡，往往把很长的主语放在句后，以it来引导。
   Translation:要求在上午八点半前赶过来。
   Example: It is required to come before 8:30 a.m.
   2. Important Words
   1) tend v. be inclined to, be likely to 倾向于,易于
   e.g. He tends to help me.他表示要帮助我。
   e.g. Prices are tending upwards.物价呈上涨趋势。
   2) require v. need, depend on for success or fulfillment 要求
   e.g. All the members of the club are required to attend the meeting.要求所有的俱乐部会员参加会议。