第九十三讲

    18
    Text Study
    Para. 3a Currently few legal protections exist for farmed animals. The Federal Animal Welfare Act does not apply to animal used in agriculture.

    legal
    1. adj. 法律（上）的；司法的；法制的 Legal is used to describe things that relate to the law.
    He vowed to take legal action. 他誓言要采取法律行动。
    2. adj.合法的；法定的 An action or situation that is legal is allowed or required by law.
    drivers who have more than the legal limit of alcohol. 血液中酒精含量超过法定限度的司机

    legally & illegal
    adv legally 合法地、 法定地
    The school is legally responsible for your child's safety..学校对你的孩子负有法律上的安全责任。
    A lorry driver can legally work eighty-two hours a week. 从法律上讲，货车司机一星期可工作82小时。
    illegal adj. 非法的
    Illegal immigrants were given the opportunity to regularize their position. 非法移民得到了使其身份合法化的机会

    AWA
    Colloquial Acronym of Animal Welfare Act

    Long Title
    Animal Welfare Act of 1969 intended to regulate the transport, sale and handling of dogs, cats, guinea pigs, nonhuman primates, hamsters and rabbits intended to use for research or other purposes.?

    federal
    1. adj. 联邦的;联邦制的 A federal country or system of government is one in which the different states or provinces of the country have important powers to make their own laws and decisions.

    Five of the six provinces are to become autonomous regions in a new federal system of government. 在新的联邦政府体制中，6 省中的 5 个将成为自治区。

    federal
    2. adj. 归属联邦政府的;与联邦政府有关的 Federal also means belonging or relating to the national government of a federal country rather than to one of the states within it.
    The federal government controls just 6% of the education budget. 联邦政府仅掌控 6％的教育预算。

    Federals are the same as feds n. 联邦主义者；同盟盟友
    Federal / State

    The?Animal Welfare Act
    The?Animal Welfare Act?(Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966) was signed into law ?on August 24, 1966.?It is the only Federal law in the United States?that regulates the treatment of animals in research and exhibition. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare as the minimally acceptable standard for animal treatment and care.?

    Animal Welfare
    动物福利（animal welfare）是指人为提供给动物的相应物质条件和采用的行为方式，要保证动物在健康舒适的状态下生存，使动物处于生理和心理愉快的感受状态。

    A Brief Introduction to the Development of Animal Welfare
    19世纪初，欧洲的一些有识之士最早把同情的目光投向动物，并在法律实践中解决这个道德议题。
    1809年一位英国的勋爵提出一项法案，要求禁止虐待动物。这项法案在当时遭到人们的嘲笑，结果，虽然在上院获得通过，但在下院被否决。但是，随着时间的推移，社会的进步，人们关于动物利益的思考渐趋成熟。
    1822年，英国人道主义者马丁提出禁止虐待动物议案，获得上下两院通过，这项法案就叫《马丁法》（Martin’s Act）or The?Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 。马丁法是世界上第一个反对虐待动物的法律，首次认定虐待动物本身是一种犯罪，是动物福利保护史上的里程碑。人们对待动物的态度从此开始了微妙的变化。
    《马丁法》不仅影响到英国的民众，也影响到其他国家。1850年，法国通过了反虐待动物法律。与此同时，爱尔兰、德国、奥地利、比利时和荷兰等国家相继也通过了反虐待动物法律。
到了19世纪末开始以后，随着动物越来越多地用于生物医学研究的实验中，实验动物的福利就成了人们关注的焦点，各个国家相关的法律和条款相继颁布。美国联邦政府1966年颁布的《动物福利法》，正是在这种背景下出台的，经过1970、1976、1985、1990年的修订和增加条款，不断地完善。
    3Rs
    Replacement 代替
    Reduction 减少
    Refinement?优化

    Para. 3b. The Humane Slaughter Act requires that all animals slaughtered in federal inspected meat processing plants should render unconscious to the process of slaughter.     However, this law is poorly enforced and does not cover chickens and turkeys nor does it cover ritual or home slaughter.

    balance
    vt. 使平衡，使均衡
    e.g.
    a. I struggle to balance work and family commitment.
    我努力在工作和家庭责任之间寻求平衡。
    vi. 保持平衡
    b. When you learn to ride a bicycle you must learn to balance.
    你学骑脚踏车时必须学会保持平衡。
    go crazy
    发疯了
    go (+adj.): vi. 变为, 开始变为某特定状态
    e.g.
    a. She almost went mad when she heard the bad news.
    听到这个坏消息，她几乎疯了。
    b. My father’s hair had gone gray.
    我父亲的头发已经变得灰白了。

    Most would marry; others would travel, invent, and carry on original work on all sorts of lines. (Para.3)
    大部分年轻人会结婚； 其他人会去旅游，去发明创造，在各行各业中从事独创性的工作。
    1) carry on: 继续开展; 坚持
    e.g.
    a. We can carry on our discussion after lunch.
    b. Carry on with your work.
    继续干你的工作吧。
    2) all sorts of lines: 各行各业
    line: n. 行业，行当；专长
    e.g.
    What line of work are you in?
    你是干哪行的？

    It is worth remembering in this connection that among the young, idealism and faith are uncommonly strong. (Para.3)
    年轻人有超乎寻常的理想主义和信念，这是值得我们记住的。
    1) worth (something / doing something): prep. 值得做······
    e.g.
    a. We may not succeed, but it’s worth a try.
    b. It is well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.
    很值得花气力去学如何做这事。
    2) in this/that connection: 关于这/那一点，相当于with reference to this/that
e.g.
    You have just mentioned holidays. In this connection, I would like to make a suggestion.
    你刚提到假期。关于这一点，我要提一个建议。

    Translation
    Para. 3 现在对农场动物极少有法律保护。《联邦动物福利法案》并不适用于农业用途的动物。虽然《人道屠宰法案》要求，所有联邦肉类加工厂屠宰的动物应当在宰杀过程中处于无意识状态，然而，该法令的执行状况不佳，而且它既不包括对小鸡和火鸡的屠宰，也不包含在宗教仪式上以及居民家中的屠宰。