分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词, 有各种动词性特点,如时态、语态等。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。现在分词的构成是在动词后加ing,过去分词是规则动词后加ed,不规则动词则必须特殊记忆。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成
比如:developing / developed country
falling leaf / fallen leaf
分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等,构成分词短语。
比如:studying English
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.(伴随)
Being busy, he has no time to take care of his wife. (原因)
Criticized by his friend, he felt ashamed.(原因)
Working hard, you will succeed.(条件)
分词(短语)作状语时需符合一前提条件:
分词的逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致,比如上面
如果分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,那么就需要使用独立结构,即分词必须带有自己的逻辑主语,例如:
It being Sunday, there is no one in school.
独立结构具有与分词短语一样的功能,如:
表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
当现在分词所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式,如上面的例子,所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,
Having finished his homework, he went out for fun.
Having been criticized for many times, the pupil did not dare make any mistakes in spelling.
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等从属连词,表示逻辑关系
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.
While watching TV, he fell into sleep.
If permitted, he would go to Shanghai.
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,单个分词作定语置于被修饰词的前面,分词短语作定语,置于被修饰词的后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
The person standing there is my teacher.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。
例:The situation is encouraging.
The theory sounds??quite convincing.
The book is interesting and I am interested in reading it.
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