Reading for A¡¯s
In the United States and some Western countries, textbooks in public elementary
and middle school belong to the school. They are issued to the students. The
students must not write on any page or mark any part of the textbook in any way,
except for cheap paperbacks. When a textbook is issued or returned, its condition
must be recorded in terms of New, Fair and Poor. In contrast, textbooks in colleges
are bought by the individual students; they can cost about $200 a semester. Many students,
however, buy used textbooks sold by former students.
Grading System:
The following grading system is used in most colleges or universities in the
United States: A, Excellent; B, Good; C, Satisfactory; D, Low or Pass; F, Fail; I,
Incomplete; W, Authorized Withdrawal; Z, Unauthorized Withdrawal; P, Pass; NP, No Pass.
To maintain satisfactory academic standing and to qualify for a degree, an undergraduate
student must have completed courses with the average grades of ¡°C¡± or above, and
a graduate student must have the average grades of a ¡°B¡± or above.
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